The Relay Chain is the main chain of the Polkadot ecosystem (incl. Kusama/Edgeware/HydraDX). Your validator nominations count for the validators of the Relay Chain.

Most of the computation happens on Parachains, which are connected to and secured through the Relay Chain. Learn more about the status of Parachains here.

EDG holders can economically back up to 16 validators through their nominations. This increases the security of the overall network and enables token holders to earn rewards on their staked funds. You will receive rewards in the form of newly minted EDG. Conversely, if you do not participate in staking, your assets will get diluted over time.

You remain in full control over your EDG tokens when you stake. You simply delegate the right to propose blocks and validate transactions contained in each EDG token to the validators you nominate. However, please note that your tokens are illiquid while staked. You need to unbond in order to move your funds.

In Edgeware both, validators and nominators can be subject to punishment in case of malpractice. This is referred to as "slashing" and can result in a (partial) loss of staked funds. Validators as well as their delegators face the risk of getting slashed proportional to their staked EDG Slashing occurs in case of misbehavior by the validator (being offline, attacking the network, running modified software). Slashing results in losing a share of your bonded EDG, so choose your validator carefully.

Validators with a larger pool experience harsher slashing conditions in order to favor smaller validators and to foster a proper decentralization of the network.

There are two different accounts to manage your funds, namely the Stash Account and the Controller Account.

Stash Account: This account holds the funds which are bonded for staking. This is sort of your "safety box". Most functions relevant for your staking operations are done via your "Controller Account".

Controller Account: Through this account, you nominate the validators of your choice. The Controller account only needs funds to cover transaction fees, so make sure to allocate some funds for that.

No, you can only create one Controller Account per Stash Account.

Validators are elected each era (24h for Polkadot & Hydra; 6h for Edgeware & Kusama) to perform block production and validation. The more nominations a candidate has, the more likely it will be elected to the active validator set. Nominators can submit a list of up to 16 candidates that they want to back with their token. The list is without an order of preference.

Please note that your stake is distributed between the validators for each era separately. Since this is done automatically by the protocol and in a fashion to distribute voting power as equally as possible between all validators, it can happen that not all of your stake is distributed during one era. You are therefore best advised to nominate more than one validator in order to increase your return.

Every era, the validator set gets shuffled. Your bonded stake gets distributed among the validators you nominated and that got elected to the active set for that era. It is therefore advisable to nominate more than one validator, because if you e.g. only nominated one validator and he/she did not make it into the set, you will miss out on rewards for that era. You are best advised to nominate popular validators with a good reputation and track record (check the information provided in their on-chain ID). In order for you to increase your returns, you can also nominate a couple of smaller, less-popular validators with less stake backing them.

Make sure you do proper research on the validators you nominate since your stake is also subject to getting slashed in case of your validator misbehaving.

Here is a good overview by the Polkadot team of best practices when choosing your validators.

In order to successfully nominate validators, you need to make sure that your Stash as well as your Controller Account are properly funded. This is required since actions undertaken with the Controller Account incur transaction fees that need to be covered. We suggest funding it with a minimum of 3 token.

That is totally normal since it takes ~ one epoch until your nominations become active, so just check again after a couple of hours to a day and you should see your nominations as active.

After you stopped your nomination and sent the un-bonding transaction, your funds will remain locked and illiquid for 7 days. This is a security measure stipulated by the protocol.

At the end of every era, so every 6 hours. Please note that you need to withdraw your rewards regularly otherwise they will be gone after 84 eras, so ~21 days.

Rewards have to be withdrawn manually. If you do not claim your rewards, they will be lost after 84 eras. To claim your rewards, click "Payouts" in the "Staking" section of Polkadot JS. There you find a list of all the validators you nominated in past 84 eras (~ 21 days) as well as the option to trigger payouts of all unclaimed rewards. Please note that this action will incur transaction fees. Triggering a payout transaction automatically pays out every nominators' rewards for the same validator, so other nominators that nominated the same validator, as well as the validator itself, can claim rewards for you

These are units of time in the edgeware network.

Epoch: 60 minutes

Session: 60 minutes

Era: 6 hours (6 sessions)

Blocktime in Edgware is 6 seconds

In Polkadot JS under "Network" / "Staking" / "Account actions", click the three dots next to "Stop". Click "Change controller account" in order to choose another controller account for your staking operations. Make sure that you are connected to the correct network (upper left corner).

In order to solve this, first close the notification and then click on the circle in the upper left corner (where the Network symbol usually is). Then check "custom endpoint" in the popup. Afterwards change "wss://mainnet1.edgewa.re" to "wss://mainnet2.edgewa.re" (or 3-10) and then hit "save & reload".

Unfortunately we cannot answer this question in a general manner as tax regulation differs among legislations. Nevertheless, we advice you to always track your staking operations so you can provide a detailed history of your staking rewards.

In  Polkadot JS  under "Network" / "Staking" / "Account actions", click the three dots next to "Stop Nominating". Click "Change reward destination" in order to change the destination of your rewards.

You need to wait for the proposal to pass/move first. Your tokens will then be automatically unlocked. This should take around 7 days.

In the Polkadot UI under "Staking" / "Account actions", click the three dots next to "Stop". There click "Bond more funds" in order to increase your stake.

In the Polkadot UI under "Staking" / "Account actions", click the three dots next to "Stop". There click "Unbond funds" in order to undbond your funds. Please note that if you have bonded your tokens, the 'Lockup Period' needs to pass before you can unbond. Once your tokens are unbonded, you need to issue another transaction, namely "Withdraw Unbonded" in order to be able to transfer your funds.

In case you want to stop your nominations, you can do so in Polkadot JS under "Network" / "Staking" / "Account actions" by clicking "Stop Nominating".

In case you want to nominate more validators, click the gearwheel next to "Stop Nominating" and then select "Set nominees". Make sure you are connected to the correct network (upper left corner).

In substrate-based chains, there is no limit on how many nominators can nominate a single validator, however there is a maximum amount of nominators that can back a single validator in the active set. Beyond that limit, the validator is considered oversubscribed and it will only be elected using the maximum allowed number of nominators. Nominators with a higher stake take precedence, so nominators with a lower stake than the lowest stake nominator of maximum allowed number of nominators are disregarded and will not earn any awards during that era.

The limit of maximum allowed nominators are:

Polkadot, Kusama & Edgeware - 128 nominators

Hydra - 64 nominators

In Substrate-based chain such as Polkadot, Kusama, Edgeware and HydraDX, you are advied to nominate more than one validator (up to 16). Each era, validators are elected to the active validator set and stake is divided among the elected validators according to the 'Phragmen' algorithm to optimize for equal distribution. Therefore, your nominations can have different statuses:

• 'Waiting': the validators were not elected to the validator set for this era
• 'Active': the validator was elected to the set and your whole stake is backing this validator for the current era
• 'Inactive': these validators have also been elected to the set, but your stake is currently not backing them

Usually, you only have one nomination shown as 'active'.